Results indicate that resistance approaches necessitate higher levels of road structures, designed to higher technical specifications, whilst resilience approaches maintain the hydraulic character of floodplains but require the inclusion of well-designed flow through structures with localized scour protection.
Further, in this analysis, higher levels of road variables were linked to lower levels of hopanes.
Environmental exposures may also play a role, for example the higher levels of airborne pollutants, including particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide [ 25, 26] or higher levels of road traffic noise [ 27] at lower floor levels.
The proportion of the population in Hong Kong exposed to the higher levels of road traffic noise is similar to that in European cities, but a much higher proportion of the Hong Kong population is exposed to levels of road traffic noise in the band 60 64 dB, and a much lower proportion to the lower levels of exposure experienced in European cities (<55 dB).
Compared with the cohort as a whole, cases were more likely to be men, were older at enrollment, had higher BMI and waist circumference, had lower education, smoked more, were more exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, ate less fruit and vegetables, were less physically active, and were exposed to higher levels of road traffic noise (Table 1).
In order to ensure a high level of road safety, road network planning needs to be based on the best knowledge available of the effects of road design on road safety.
A "systems perspective" that takes into account the interaction of design elements and all actors in the road transport system is necessary to achieve the highest level of road safety (Elvebakk 2007).
High levels of road traffic in cities are bad for most people living there and bad for business.
In this paper a study of psycho-social effects of exposure to high levels of road traffic noise is presented.
It is concluded from these long-term investigations that exposure to high levels of road traffic noise induces adverse effects on sleep and that sleep quality is significantly improved after an extensive noise reduction.
