Pepper spray is rated as a comparable weapon to the Taser under the "use of force continuum" in the Portsmouth police policy manual, he said, and once he had been disarmed and Chapman escalated the situation, he felt obliged to respond with a higher level of force.
Applying a significantly higher level of force may be possible without adversely affecting the surrounding structure.
This can be attributed to the higher level of force in the PT steel in columns with lower h c /D. Between two identical columns with different heights, the unbonded length of the PT steel is usually smaller in the shorter one, resulting in a higher level of force developed in the PT steel.
The minimum necrotic depth observed was 0.50 mm, corresponding to a higher level of force and blade speed (30 N, 18,000 cpm).
Of two identical columns with different diameters, at the same drift ratio, the elongation of the PT steel in the column with greater diameter is higher (due to greater lever arm), leading to a higher level of force in the PT steel.
"But ultimately we would call that success because you didn't have to go to a higher level of force.
The statement went on to say that using chemical sprays "is safe and, generally, a considerably more reasonable and 'less intrusive' alternative in certain situations... than requiring SROs to use their hands or a higher level of force on students".
Furthermore, peak torque variability for the higher level of force was increased with in the presence of experimental pain.
A decomposition of the interaction showed that peak torque variability increased with the painful stimulation only for the higher level of force.
For the higher level of force, the variability was 12.6 Nm in the control condition and 18.6 Nm in the presence of electrical stimulation (Tukey: p = 0.027).
