Males adopt a very active life notably related to the active search for reproductive partners [14] which induces higher energetic demands and leads to a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared to females [15].
Foraging strategies are adapted to seasonal constraints of reduced natural food availability and higher energetic demands in autumn.
Polar bears, which inhabit colder environments and may undergo long periods of metabolically inefficient fasting, may have higher energetic demands when compared with their sister species, the brown bear.
This, coupled with its high energetic demand, ensure that the brain metabolises the most glucose of any organ29,30.
Due to the unique architecture of neurons, trafficking of mitochondria throughout processes to regions of high energetic demand is critical to sustain neuronal health.
Epigenetic regulation calibrates metabolic functions to match high energetic demand during the onset of neuronal differentiation by increasing maximal mitochondrial respiration activity and generating considerable spare respiratory capacity to confer resistance to oxidative stress and excitotoxicity during differentiation.
This buffering is achieved by phosphagen kinase systems that consist of a specific kinase and its cognate phosphagen, which functions as a large pool of 'high-energy phosphates' that are used to replenish ATP during periods of high energetic demand.
The authors suggested that these reductions might be related to the high energetic demand of the cell.
Moreover, due to a high energetic demand, the observed DMN dysfunction may be associated with an impaired brain energy metabolism which has been demonstrated in previous MR spectroscopy studies in patients with migraine [26], likely due to an imbalance between ATP production and ATP use.
Thus, in Trichodesmium, the higher expression of prx in the second half of the photoperiod may be required to recover from the high energetic demand for N2 fixation, leaving the cell susceptible to oxidative stress.
