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Since the mid-1900s, researchave have debated whether ploidy shifts result in lineages with higher diversification rates than their diploid progenitors.
We empirically show that the level of specialization differs across scales with higher specialization at household and village levels and higher diversification towards the province level.
Alternatively, if there are few opportunities for diversification between disasters (for example, strains with a very low rate of stochastic switching), higher diversification rates can reduce a strain's possibility of extinction.
"The most novel and perhaps most surprising finding is that chemical anti-predator defences are a double-edged sword: they trigger higher diversification rates but even greater extinction rates, and since reversals are rare, they are essentially evolutionary dead ends", explained Dr Wüster in email.
Order-level shifts to higher diversification rates were inferred in the last common ancestor of the Auriculariales; that of the Cantharellales, the Hymenochaetales (excluding the Repetobasidiaceae), the Russulales and the Agaricales (excluding the hygrophoroid and pleurotoid clades (sensu Matheny15) (Fig. 1).
Cluster 2 is characterized by higher diversification of farm income and Cluster 3 is characterized by smaller farms with higher off-farm income.
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The selected subset was based on the priority of higher diversifications roots observed in phylogenetic tree.
We also observe differences in rates between mammalian orders, with some showing higher diversifications rates at lower latitudes, and some others at higher latitudes.
Thus, previously reported high diversification of Biomphalaria FREP gene, BgFREP3, is not detected in Aplysia FREPs.
Such a rate is on par with the highest diversification rates reported in the literature including rapidly radiating insular groups like the Hawaiian silversword alliance, a classic example of an adaptive radiation.
In this perspective, it is necessary to analyse how the new guidelines at the base of the direct payments are able to affect the future perspectives of the durum wheat sector in Italy, given the high diversification of the cultivation areas around Italy.
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