It has been hypothesized that the high dispersal of marine phytoplankton would have ensured species' survival and community recovery [9]; dispersal allows species to track changes in environmental conditions and decreases the probability of extinction [7], [16].
Changes in habitat conditions dramatically alter community structure, yet, we conclude that the high dispersal of marine planktonic microbes erases the legacy of past environmental conditions, thereby decreasing the tempo of community evolution.
Corals are sessile keystone species in tropical reef environments exposed to tidal mixing and reef water flow (ensuring high dispersal of planktonic microorganisms); thus, they represent a well-suited study system to investigate their role as specialized microbial habitats.
Empirical data suggested a high dispersal of stocked fish leading to relatively high admixture rates in weakly stocked SIE and SEE populations.
In accordance with the high dispersal of P. rapae we find a general pattern of greater genetic diversity within vs. among populations in all genes (Table 3).
The high dispersal of means across families is due to the family effect, to the different age of fishes and to some uncontrolled factors.
We conclude that there are many clear differences in genomic architecture between the sexes studied here which can be at least partly understood in the light of higher dispersal rate of females as compared to males and the unusual structure of the Z-chromosome of the species.
Nonetheless, low levels of population structure among C. pomonella populations from some regions relative to G. molesta could be the combined result of higher dispersal abilities of the former species compared to the latter [ 19, 47- 49] and the frequent use of pesticides against C. pomonella in some countries, which can stimulate flight in this species (reviewed by [ 44]).
Population genetic analyses based on microsatellites revealed significant differentiation between vole populations, and higher dispersal rates of young voles compared with old ones.
Nevertheless, simulated scenarios implementing a higher dispersal rate of stocked fish relative to wild individuals did not better fit the observed data than scenarios with equal dispersal rates for the two groups of individuals.
