Contrary to the constraint hypothesis, the molar module displayed significantly higher disparity than random sets of landmarks for both Disparity A and B in Carnivora.
The four Canadian studies noted for having higher disparity rates included two mortality studies (Peters et al. 2013; Oliver et al. 2012), two examining hospitalization rates (Oliver and Kohen, 2012) and one showing both injury outcomes (Alaghehbandan et al. 2010).
Table 4 BD-Rate savings and BD-PSNR gains for OBDC with respect to DCVP, higher disparity Sequence BD-PSNR (dB) BD-Rate Outdoor 0.63 −9.33 Book Arrival 1.52 −21.26 Kendo 0.90 −13.04 Balloons 0.90 −12.26 The lateral views are the ones furthest away from the central view.
In Carnivora, the molar group had marginally significantly higher disparity than the random sets of "weak" module landmarks (p = 0.05), while the orbit, zygomatic-pterygoid, and vault groups all had significantly or marginally significantly higher disparity than the random sets of "strong" module landmarks (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p = 0.03, respectively).
In Primates, the basicranial group had significantly lower disparity than the random sets of "weak" module landmarks (p = 0.002), while the zygomatic-pterygoid group had a significantly higher disparity than the random sets of "strong" modules (p<0.001).
In Carnivora, these three "weak" modules displayed significantly higher disparity than that of randomly-generated sets of traits in five out of six analyses (Table 2, Disparity A and B).
The cytobands having 30% and higher disparity are highlighted in Figure 3 (Table 2).
In contrast, diplogastrids that were secondarily monomorphic showed higher disparity than either morph in dimorphic taxa (p < 0.02 for both).
All three groups of viscerocranial landmarks showed significantly higher disparity in placentals than in marsupials when ecological groups were compared separately, with the exception of fossorial forms.
