Embryos exposed to 10 μg/L ANF and 100 μg/L ANF exhibited no deformities, whereas those exposed to ≥500 μg/L ANF exhibited high deformity indices (effect of ANF on deformities, tied p < 0.0001).
However, when FL exposure was combined with 1 μg/L BNF, high deformity indices were observed at FL levels of ≥50 μg/L (overall effect of FL on deformities, tied p = 0.0002; overall effect of BNF on deformities, tied p < 0.0001).
Our findings showing low proteoglycan content, low collagen density in the superficial layer, and high water content in covered regions suggest that covered regions have lower matrix resistance to mechanical load, and that the cartilage in covered regions show high deformity to compression load.
The highest residual deformity was observed in case 10 and case 11 (Fig. 5).
Among the treated, high percent deformities in pupae and adult insects were observed in larvae reared on diet impregnated with 0.5% w/w (25.8%), 1.0% w/w (37.1%) and 1.5% w/w (52.3%) as compared to control (5.3%) (Table 2 Supplementary data).
But in the year following the oil spill the river's fish showed much higher rates of deformity — with two samples reaching 35 and 47 percent.
Neuropathic feet had a slightly higher grade of deformity of the 4th and 5th toe.
On average, a significant higher residual rotational deformity was observed in opening wedge osteotomies (8.30° ± 5.35°) compared to closing wedge osteotomies (3.47° ± 1.09°).
