We find significant differences between the selective constraints acting on enzyme-coding genes from different cellular compartments, with the nucleus showing higher constraint than genes from either the cytoplasm or the mitochondria.
As expected under selection for secondary structures, paired sites experience higher constraint than unpaired sites, i.e. significantly lower numbers of conserved optimal codons and consistently lower numbers of synonymous substitutions.
A main effect of constraint level was also found, F 1, 174) = 8.3, p <.01, partial η =.045, with longer RTs for the high-constraint than for the low-constraint condition.
Comparison has revealed that concrete-filled tubular joints with PBR have much higher constraint capability than joints without PBR.
The FNK PS type is 20 mm at the height of the post and 16.8 mm at jumping distance, which offers higher constraints between post-cam mechanisms than other regular PS prostheses and allows the range of ± 2° for varus-valgus constraint, ± 2° at extension position, and ± 5° at flexion position for internal-external rotation constraint.
To identify the degree to which a motif is under higher evolutionary constraints than would normally be expected by chance alone, we computed "conservation ratio".
Introns experience higher selective constraints than synonymous coding sites, possibly because introns harbor key regions for regulation of expression (Wray et al. 2003; Thumma et al. 2005).
Again, paired positions are subject to significantly higher evolutionary constraints than positions that are not involved in the formation of WC base pairs for both autosomes and the X chromosome.
(iii) Genome size versus protein-coding length: In eukaryotes, genes with shorter protein CDS are under higher selective constraints than longer genes when compared within (Akashi 2003 ) and among genomes (Jeffares et al. 2006 ).
However, overall v1r/ora genes appear to be under higher evolutionary constraints than t2r genes, since we observe only rare positively selected sites in frog and none in Latimeria v1r genes.
