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A simple bilinear stress strain model that is capable of representing an FRP concrete response exhibiting softening at low confining pressures and hardening at higher confinement is proposed.
It is found that, with increasing confinement, the orientation of the macroscopic failure plane rotates rapidly away from the direction of maximum compression until the confining stress reaches ∼1% of the maximum compressive stress, and then, under higher confinement, remains within the range of orientations generally attributed to Coulombic faulting.
It was also found that, generally, circular steel tubes have higher confinement to their concrete core than those of the tubes with square sections when the composite members are subjected to axially local compression.
The results also indicate that the FRP tube developed by the authors and presented in this study provides significantly higher confinement effectiveness than that of conventional rectangular FRP tubes.
The results indicate that the use of high rubber contents in concrete lead to premature microcracking and lateral expansion, the latter of which can be used to activate the FRP confinement earlier and achieve higher confinement effectiveness.
After installing a phosphorous source in our GEN II system and optimising the growth for thick InP layers, we were able to substitute our previous used GaInAs cladding layer with InP, yielding reduced losses and higher confinement factor.
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The other kind, termed a plastic or P-fault, develops under higher confinements and is inclined by 45°.
Anderson, P. A., Schmidt, B. S. & Lipson, M. High confinement in silicon slot waveguides with sharp bends.
The limit values between low, and high confinement cases are also presented.
Note that this study considers both low and high confinement ratios.
At high confinement, the transition point increases as the curvature increases regardless of the symmetry of diblock copolymers.
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