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Therefore, to achieve the necessary higher causality we use a combination of causal and proxy site parameters as predictors.
Therefore, a child node obtains a higher causality score under its parent node than its grandparent node.
The unbalanced 5-category scale might therefore provoke higher causality assessment responses, which may lead to skewed assessments, especially when used by non-experts.
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In our series, three of the four patients with the highest causality scores for paracetamol had symptoms of hypersensitivity, suggesting that an immunological mechanism could be involved.
The likelihood that abnormal liver tests are related to viral hepatitis is therefore relatively high, so that if specific tests for viral hepatitis have not been performed, assigning high causality to a drug is problematic.
Nevertheless, at the present time, the French official method by Begaud and colleagues, in which rechallenge or dechallenge is not a mandatory item for high causality scores, appears the best available tool [ 30].
Intervention also improved report quality by increasing the reporting rate for serious, high causality, unexpected and new drug-related ADRs. 10 The risk of cross-contamination between groups was minimized by using a cluster-based distribution, and by adjusting for unequally distributed variables.
(5) Laboratory experiments can be considered an alternative to overly costly and impractical field experimentation, combining a high level of causality with a high level of applicability.
Accumulators claimed two high-flying causalities among China's ultra-rich through the companies they controlled, and also hit several Hong Kong tycoons.
Game performance and time spent playing the games, was higher for external causality language.
Avicenna explains the superiority of a highest type of efficient cause as follows: Where something is such that, whenever it exists, it produces the existence of something else by virtue of its own essence, and where its effect exists after absolute nonexistence and is permanent, then that thing has a higher claim to causality than other things.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com