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The indirect (genetic) benefits of mate choice can only arise if preferred males have higher breeding values for total fitness than non-preferred males [ 7].
Elements of c associated with older males were fixed to 0. OCS coped because young males tended to have higher breeding values than older males.
As shown in Figure 1, although one population tends to have slightly higher breeding values for our index of body condition, both populations span almost the full range of values for both traits.
This is not a serious problem if the best bulls in the population have similar breeding values, but could become more important if a small group of elite bulls has much higher breeding values than other active bulls.
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Selection was based on high breeding values for body weight at harvest, with a corresponding control group selected on average breeding values of the population.
Likewise, many pig breeders will only use sires with the highest breeding values for breeding.
The highest breeding values represent the best ability to produce healthy offspring.
This breeding scheme resembles practical breeding schemes where animal breeders will only use sires with the highest breeding values for breeding and/or it is expensive to maintain breeding animals.
The second explanation comes from the fact that families having the highest breeding values belong to natural populations that also had higher heterozygosity on average.
Large rates of genetic improvement have been achieved in poultry by selecting breeders with high breeding values based on phenotypic information.
When the trees were about 15 years old, the families with the highest breeding values in each of the series were selected.
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