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Among them, prodrugs 4 showed higher brain concentration.
Among them, Lip-5 showed higher brain concentration.
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There were higher brain concentrations with the modified-release formulation.
Risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy risperidone are excellent substrates of P-gp (Boulton et al, 2002; Brzozowska et al, 2016; Doran et al, 2005; Wang et al, 2004), and this we confirmed here by showing that P-gp KO mice attained significantly higher brain concentrations of these drugs.
At baseline, substrate tracers such as R-[11C]verapamil display low brain concentrations with a distribution volume of around 1. [11C]phenytoin is supposed to be a weaker P-gp substrate, which may lead to higher brain concentrations at baseline.
Hypoxia leads to higher brain concentrations of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) [ 66].
This problem was resolved by developing a nimodipine-loaded microemulsion for intranasal delivery which achieved higher brain concentrations as compared to the oral route.
The lower Aβ (1-42) Aβd Aβ (1-40) plasma concentrations reported in the present study, together with the proposed higher brain concentrations of both peptides, could be easily related to the findings of previous reports by Al-Gadani et al. (2009), which demonstrated that autistic Saudi children are under H2O2 stress because of overexpression of SOD and normal CAT activity [ 16].
These procedures produce continuously high brain concentrations of drug, while intermittent-access produces a spiking pattern of drug concentrations in the brain (Fig. 2c, see also references [9, 23]).
The amount of GA administered ensured immediate high brain concentrations (~100 mM in the cerebrospinal fluid); which is hard to obtain by systemic injection due to limited flux across the BBB [ 27].
These data indicate that the higher the brain concentration of RDX, the shorter the time interval between RDX administration and seizure onset.
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