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Discussing the possibility of explaining TEs by high-level selection, they write: "The selective advantage represented by evolutionary adaptability seems far too remote to ensure the maintenance, let alone to direct the formation, of the DNA sequences and/or enzymatic machinery involved.
One possibility is to apply high-level selection to this gross problem [ 8, 119].
This is a far more direct explanation for evolvability than high-level selection.
However, high-level selection is considered by many theoreticians to be weak [ 48, 263].
A more intuitive approach is to argue that cranes arise by high-level selection and that this explains why they are so adept at speeding up evolution.
They also make the question more pressing of whether high-level selection can gradually build up a complex system with notable long-term benefits despite its relative weakness.
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Finally, serendipity serves as a higher level selection mechanism that pushes forward new ideas and opportunities for further research.
In his writings [ 16, 119], Professor Doolittle acknowledges the problem of high level selection.
Higher level selection emerges from lower level reproduction.
Such a novel higher level selection pressure is revealed in the case of straight moving pairs (sPAIRS) invading a population of turning pairs (tPAIRS) (see Figure 7a).
Given that the higher level selection does operate, the selection at the lower levels, if allowed, can produce nothing but casualties like a parasitic DNA or a malignant cell.
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