On a more specialized level, it is often useful to detect abbreviation definitions in medical text before attempting higher level entity recognition tasks such as disease and gene/protein recognition, as these often appear in an abbreviated form.
We thus explicitly acknowledge the way in which features of the context in which it is placed contribute to determining the identity (or indeed change of identity) of a higher level entity.
They could, however, lead to the discovery of general features crucial for the maintenance of the microbial world, flexible features central to explaining the success of diverse lineages of entities, and mechanisms that facilitate the integration of lower level entities into a higher level entity.
Proper inference in this area requires identifying the relevant stabilised entities serving the various functions of the gut microbiome, and this is a higher level entity than the lineages of bacteria that seem the natural objects of interest within the standard model.
Entities above the molecular level can be more robust so that when some developmental processes change or break down these higher level entities are not modified or removed.
Two such basic types of reduction are "abstract hierarchical reduction" and "strong reduction" (or spatial hierarchical reduction), where the latter unlike the former requires that entities of a lower hierarchical level are physical parts of higher level entities.
This is one reason why some biological sciences preferentially invoke higher level entities and processes in the face of multiple realization, explaining in terms of higher level natural kinds and causes.
The availability to place customers in higher level entities, such as communes or counties, gave researchers the idea of drawing the 'social borders' inside a country based on the interactions between those entities [59].
Echoing Dawkins, their idea is that the whole causal story can be told at the level of genes, and that no higher level entities need be proposed or considered in order to have an accurate and complete explanation of the selection process.
Particle, collective Lower and higher level entities in a two-level part-whole hierarchy.
We introduce the following terminology: Particle, collective Lower and higher level entities in a two-level part-whole hierarchy.
