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In the present work, the effective viscosity of crude oil-water mixtures with high water fraction was measured by using a stirring method.
Based on the Taylor viscosity model and combined with our previous study on the emulsification behaviors of crude oil-water systems, a viscosity model was developed for crude oil-water mixtures with high water fraction, which is characterized in covering the effects of shear rate, emulsified water fraction and crude oil compositions.
In the petroleum industry, a flowing crude oil-water system with high water fraction usually does not exist as a stable and homogeneous emulsion, but in the form of a mixture of oil and free water with some water being emulsified into the oil and thus, hydrodynamically, acting as part of the oil.
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In THF/water mixtures with high water fractions, they displayed strong yellow to red fluorescence (up to 617 nm) and large Stokes shifts (up to 152 nm).
In this study a 5-step reduced chemical kinetic mechanism involving nine species is developed for combustion of Blast Furnace Gas (BFG), a multi-component fuel containing CO/H2/CH4/CO2, typically with low hydrogen, methane and high water fractions, for conditions relevant for stationary gas-turbine combustion.
It was found that the rate of polymerization increased and more compact and less swelling gels would form with a higher water fraction in 50 wt% solvent/reactant mixture.
These interesting and significant findings suggest that the pulsed ultrasonic technique can potentially be a powerful tool for measuring the high water volume fraction of dispersed oil-in-water two-phase flows.
In order to study the influence of Vp on diffusional transport rates of Na+ and Cs+ ions in membrane, a permeation experiment was carried out using H+-form of membrane having high water volume fraction.
All the confined and bulk mixtures separated into two regimes at low and high water mole fractions: ion-dominated and water-dominated networks.
It was shown that the better attenuation capability of the water mist is due to two factors: (1) a higher extinction coefficient of the water mist for a given water volumetric fraction due to the small size of the injected droplets and (2) a higher water volumetric fraction.
The particles are thus hydrophobically modified, resulting in phase inversion from w/o to w/o/w at higher water mass fraction, while for particles originating in ASA, the phase inverts from w/o to o/w at a lower water mass fraction.
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