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Results: The offspring of the women who were randomly assigned to a high volume of exercise in mid and late pregnancy were significantly lighter (3.39 kg vs 3.81 kg) and thinner (8.3% fat vs 12.1% fat) than those offspring born of women who were randomly assigned to reduce their exercise volume after the 20th week.
The BETA Trial will inform future prevention initiatives by assessing adherence to a high volume of exercise over 12 months by postmenopausal women, and the ability of these women to maintain activity over the longer-term.
Although substantial health benefits can be obtained through physical activity, high volume of exercise training is also associated with some serious risks such as menstrual disturbance in female athletes [ 15- 18].
Clapp demonstrated that continuation of regular moderate- to vigorous-intensity antenatal exercise reduced offspring birth weight and subcutaneous fat mass at birth, with these potentially beneficial effects persisting up to 5 years of age [ 20], and that the maintenance of a high volume of exercise during mid and late pregnancy led to a reduction in fetal fat mass [ 21].
Several previous studies reported that high volume of exercise depending upon intensity and duration may elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production produced by metabolic and physiological processes that can cause cellular damage such as lipid damage, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depletion of ATP [ 11– 13].
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Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study was to determine 1) whether community-based exercise training transitions MAO adults to metabolically healthy, and 2) whether the odds of successful transition to metabolically healthy are larger for obese individuals who perform the highest volume of exercise and experience the greatest increase in fitness.
In another RCT (Giannopoulou et al. 2005), leptin decreased in exercisers, but the change was of borderline statistical significance (P=0.06); this difference might be attributable to the higher volume of exercise undertaken in our trial or the minimal fat loss in the earlier study.
According to a Swedish study [ 48], continuation of engaging in sports exercise after childhood was clearly associated with good school success and high volume of physical exercise in childhood.
The increase in forearm blood flow and reduction in forearm vascular resistance after the sessions of resistance exercise in this study corroborate the findings of Kawano et al, 36 Moraes et al, 35 and Heffernan et al. 29 The moderate intensity and high volume of this exercise protocol promoted improvement in vasodilator response, as measured by blood flow.
Furthermore, the BETA Trial will inform future disease prevention initiatives by demonstrating the ability of these women to achieve a high volume of regular exercise over the long-term and to maintain this level of activity independently, 12 months beyond the intervention period.
Teramoto and Bungum [16] provided possible explanations of increased survival in the elite athlete cohort; namely, participation in higher volumes of exercise training leading to higher physical fitness levels, the likelihood that elite athletes are comprised of the healthiest and fittest individuals, and the maintenance of active and healthy lifestyles later in life.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com