The story in the Netherlands, one of the highest veterinary users of antimicrobials, was more mixed.
Low female fertility causes economic losses by increasing the need for additional inseminations, higher veterinary costs, longer than optimal lactations, less calves, and higher replacement costs.
Economic losses can be attributed to increased work load, higher veterinary costs because of treatment or euthanasia, higher risk for total or partial condemnation resulting in less slaughter revenue and to an impact on reproduction (Rowles, 2001; Schuttert, 2008).
Also, high quality veterinary services were in place that enabled the transition to Stage I mitigation (pers. communication U. Kihm).
Our results emphasize the importance of high quality veterinary support and thoroughly performed pathological and bacteriological examinations for the early diagnosis of EC infections in broiler flocks.
Aside of multiple pathogen detection, the assay has several advantages over conventional methods including higher sensitivity and specificity, decreased cost, smaller sample size, rapidity of processing and the possibility of laboratory automation to suit high throughput veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
Allelic diversity measures trended higher in veterinary samples, with a higher number of total and private alleles, despite the more than two-fold higher number of haplotypes in the human isolates.
Allelic diversity measures trended higher in veterinary samples, with a higher number of total and private alleles.
Allelic diversity measures trended higher in veterinary samples, with a higher number of total alleles and private alleles.
