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High salinity causes the hyper-ionic and hyper-osmotic stress to plant cells leading to reduction in plant growth and productivity, which in severe cases may lead to plant death.
Exposure to high salinity causes hypercationic and hyperosmotic stresses to eukaryotic cells [31].
High salinity causes damage to plants by water deficit due to osmotic stress and by ion toxicity from excessive Na+.
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Extended drying over summer combined with high salinity caused the formation of a salt-clay surface layer on top of the substrate, which was both beneficial and detrimental for bioreactor performance.
Salinity was the most important factor explaining the effects on sugar reserves, with higher salinities causing an increased sugar demand.
Under saline treatments, the appearance of the first pair of unfurled leaves on propagules did not occur until 1 6 days later, with higher salinities causing longer delays.
Like drought, high salinity also causes a water deficit in plants.
High salinity stress causes detrimental effect on fresh biomass production of purslane limiting overall growth, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, and so on.
This suggests that the mixing of high salinity water caused from surface contamination sources such as irrigation return flow, domestic wastewater and septic tank effluents with existing water, followed by ion exchange reactions processes, silicate weathering and evaporation are responsible for the groundwater chemistry of the study area.
Water types (mixed CaHCO3, mixed CaMgCl and NaCl) suggest that the mixing of high salinity water caused from surface contamination sources such as irrigation return flow, domestic wastewater and septic tank effluents with existing water followed by ion exchange reaction processes, silicate weathering and evaporation are responsible for the groundwater chemistry of the study area.
Water types (mixed CaHCO3, mixed CaMgCl and NaCl) are widely present in the study area for both seasons and suggest the mixing of high salinity water caused from surface contamination sources, such as irrigation return flow, domestic wastewater and septic tank effluents with existing water followed by ion exchange reactions.
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