Sentence examples for high rates of duplication from inspiring English sources
Some families, such as those encoding transcription factors, tend to have high rates of duplication (birth) but low rates of pseudogenization and loss (death) [2], [3].
In addition to high rates of duplication, rates of gene loss are high (Kellis et al. 2004; Scannell et al. 2006).
Our finding of both high rates of duplication and protein-coding substitution indicates that once a new protease copy arises, it can diversify to generate new outcomes of existing pathways.
On the simulated datasets, we observed practically no difference in the scores for RANGER-DTL-U and Mowgli, even on datasets with high rates of duplication, transfer and loss (results not shown), likely due to the fact that simulations inherently simplify the evolutionary process and yield less complex gene trees.
Consistently, the PTS genes were mostly located inside genomic islands containing strain-specific sets of PTS genes, indicative of high rates of duplications, losses and gains.
The choice of outcrossing, rather than selfing, hermaphroditic populations to test if fitness recovery lines have high rates of duplications, was based on avoiding the effects of genetic hitch-hiking to the greatest extent possible [ 48].
These fitness-recovered populations were subsequently analyzed for copy-number changes to directly test if recovery lines display high rates of duplications and deletions, and to determine the role of these CNVs in adaptive evolution.
The high rate of duplication of CAD genes and the retention of most duplicates raises the question of their functional redundancy.
Altogether, our results show a relatively high rate of duplication events that affect 76% of the protein families surveyed.
Diversity of duplications, as measured by segregating duplicated genes per gene, is greater than nucleotide diversity, consistent with a high rate of duplication.
The high rate of duplication and/or retention of genes in vertebrates further suggest that the best rate comparison might be that using total number of gene duplications as the distance between species (denominator).
