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Bacteria are especially prone to mutation because their genome consists of a single chromosome and because they have a high rate of replication.
These comparisons revealed a relatively high rate of replication of the previous findings in GHS.
Inactivation of MMR causes a high rate of replication errors resulting in an elevated frequency of mutations.
Unfortunately, the high rate of replication combined with the high mutability of the virus leads to the rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains efficiently undermining the efforts to stop the AIDS pandemic.
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Moreover, the ubiquity of defective interfering particles with small genomes and high rates of replication [42] suggests that replicative fitness and genome size are linked for many viruses.
Under suboptimal therapy, the combination of both the high rates of replication and mutation leads to the emergence of drug resistance.
Chk1 has been demonstrated to be important for replication origin firing, high rates of replication fork progression and replication fork stabilization [ 34, 54, 55]].
HCV infection is considered a chronic liver disease, likely resulting from immune evasion by HCV quasi-species generated from high rates of replication errors (Farazi and DePinho, 2006).
Nevertheless, Ae. albopictus ensured a higher rate of replication as the estimated number of viral RNA increased nearly four fold from the ingestion to the maximum reached at day 3 pi.
Chronic inflammation, for example, is associated with increased numbers of leukocytes as well as their more rapid expenditure, both requiring a higher rate of replication of cells up the hierarchy of the hematopoietic system.
The ER-positive breast cancer cell lines in this study were passaged more frequently than ER-negative ones, and all cell lines were cultured in media that contained oestrogen, fuelling a higher rate of replication in the ER-positive cells.
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