During intramembranous ossification, higher Wnt signaling in the condensation leads to inhibition of chondondrocyte differentiation and promotion of osteoblast differentiation.
The cartilage with the highest grade of ossification, including both the left and right front feet, determined the total score for an individual horse.
All preserve bones which show a relatively high degree of hardening (ossification) for their age, and wing proportions similar to adults.
High rates of heterotopic ossification have been reported in the patients with AS undergoing THA [ 3, 4, 18].
Cervical total disc replacement can maintain the motion of surgical segments as well as the cervical stability, however, it has a high incidence of Heterotopic Ossification and kyphosis with few indications [ 6].
However, BMSCs also have some limitations, such as painful harvesting procedure with frequently low cell yield, reduced MSC quality with advanced donor age (Zhao et al. 2009), ectopic ossification and higher risk of adhesion formation when transplanted in vivo (Hsieh et al. 2016a).
Cats may have dural ossification at higher frequencies than expected because routine radiographs can sometimes overlook small ossified plaques.
