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In the model lack of access to finance (induced by high monitoring costs) has an adverse effect on innovation activity not only directly but also indirectly, because too few individuals may choose to invest in skills.
Additional obstacles include low sequestration rates in semiarid areas, resulting in relatively high monitoring costs and institutional difficulties, all limiting participation in, and success of, carbon sequestration and carbon trading programs [18].
Additional obstacles include low sequestration rates in semiarid areas, resulting in relatively high monitoring costs and institutional difficulties, all limiting participation in, and success of, carbon sequestration and carbon trading programs [ 18].
However, access to NOACs is still often restricted by local authorities because warfarin is considered to be as effective as the NOACs and is a low-cost drug, albeit with high monitoring costs.
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Moreover, they follow economies of scale, i.e. single country or project solutions will face relatively higher monitoring costs.
On the other hand, large firms also face higher monitoring costs, which should lead them to intensify their search efforts and search more widely (see, e.g., Welters and Muysken 2006).
Restricting the analysis from 12 weeks after ART initiation to 228 weeks, mean total costs per patient were $2132.9 (LCM) and $1608.8 (CDM); driven overwhelmingly by higher monitoring costs with LCM ($647 vs. $19 CDM), representing 30% of total costs in the LCM strategy (eTable 6).
For example, higher long-term costs of stroke and higher warfarin monitoring costs were used in the study by Kansal et al. [ 47] In our study, the ICER of dabigatran in the UK was somewhere in between, at €11,400 per QALY gained.
No form of post-adoption surveillance can substitute the evidence deriving from RCTs, but using post adoption surveillance combined with risk sharking tools for all technologies that lack long term effectiveness and safety data and for which costs of usage are higher than monitoring costs, is likely to improve the efficiency of health resources.
When ownership is dispersed, owners incur high monitoring and control costs to get a small share of the benefits.
We estimated $637 per DALY averted for ART with clinical/CD4/viral load versus cotrimoxazole because of higher monitoring and costs of antiretrovirals.
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