For each cluster, the CT highly modulated genes that are expressed without high modulation or not expressed at all in control berries are indicated, and similarly the C highly modulated genes that are expressed without high modulation in CT berries or not expressed at all are indicated.
The simulation results demonstrated that the Si/PLZT hybrid microring modulator could operate at 14 GHz with a relative high modulation efficiency (<0.8 V cm), which is much better than the other proposed Si/ferroelectric modulators.
Due to its unique optical properties, graphene has been recently utilized in the fabrication of optical modulators, which promise high performance such as broadband response, high modulation speed, and high modulation depth.
For applications in optical modulators, graphene has its unique advantages as follows: (1) High modulation speed: With a carrier mobility as high as 200,000 cm2/(V · s) at room temperature, graphene is considered as one of the fundaments of next-generation ultrafast electronics/photonics devices [18].
Three dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulations show that the modulation depth of 10.9 dB, and insertion loss of 1.14 dB, along with very high modulation speed of 224 GHz can be achieved in the proposed modulator with very low modulation energy of 0.75 fJ/bit.
Hopfer, F. et al. Single-mode submonolayer quantum-dot vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with high modulation bandwidth.
A MSM waveguide enables high field localization and therefore high modulation speed.
We have demonstrated graphene-based blackbody emitters, which have a high modulation speed (100-ps response time) and small footprint (~1 μm2) at NIR wavelength including telecommunication wavelength.
The FP EOM connects the two regimes of high (RR) and low Q (MNP) allowing for high modulation speed due to a relatively lossy and compact cavity.
VCSELs are an important technology with many characteristics such as high modulation bandwidth, low-threshold currents and single-mode behaviour that make them suitable for telecommunications applications.
