Studies of radiologic error reveal high levels of variation between radiologists.
Minisatellite sequences show high levels of variation and therefore provide excellent tools for both the genotyping and population genetic analysis.
First, are species with high levels of variation for one trait equally variable in others?
Human populations in general and Native Americans in particular display high levels of variation in cranial morphology.
Assays of D. pseudoobscura and populations of its sibling species, D. persimilis, using 10 of these loci show extremely high levels of variation compared with similar studies of dinucleotide repeat variation in D. melanogaster populations.
The high levels of variation are consistent with an average mutation rate of approximately 10 -6) per locus per generation and an effective population size of D. pseudoobscura approximately four times larger than that of D. melanogaster.
Genes with high levels of variation in expression include Nudc, Ptges3, Ptplad1, and Tomm70a.
Thus, genes that had relatively high levels of variation in expression between environments and genetic backgrounds also had relatively high levels of variation in protein abundance within a single environment.
The high levels of variation characterising the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule are due ultimately to its high average mutation rate; moreover, mtDNA variation is deeply structured in different populations and ethnic groups.
The Gp-9 locus is unusual for an OBP in several ways – it displays high levels of variation in the coding region, is highly expressed, and found in the hemolymph of all castes [12], [13].
Factors such as these may undermine the relationship between masculinity and immunity [8], [63], introduce high levels of variation in the parameters of competing cues (such as colour, overall size, or other types of shape variation), or simply reduce interest in sex-typicality in general [64].
