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High levels of PM 2.5 - meaning particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers across - are associated with heart disease, stroke, diabetes and a shorter life span.
We found evidence of a synergistic effect of exposure to high levels of PM and PAH on oxidative stress.
High levels of PM 2.5 were also detected in a previous study conducted from April to July 2010 at these same sites.
Tobacco smoke has been shown to contain high levels of PM 2.5, and is likely to be associated with many health issues in common with air pollution.
However, it is unlikely that days with high levels of PM solely due to traffic sources were considered as dust-storm days.
Given that exposure to sub-daily high levels of PM (for a few hours) is frequent, we recommend that those with cardiovascular diseases avoid such situations.
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Richer countries usually have higher levels of PM 2.5s, while low income countries have higher levels of PM10s.
Our results suggest that exposure to higher levels of PM are associated with greater adiposity at birth.
Increased mortality associated with higher levels of PM air pollution has been of particular concern, giving an imperative for stronger protective regulations (Bachmann 2007; Samet et al. 2006).
While consistently higher odds of wheezing were observed among those in the highest exposure category, any statistical evidence of increased risk was generally restricted at distances of 50 m of a main road or the quartile of participants at the highest levels of PM exposure.
Adjusted odds ratios for current wheezing were 2.33 (95% CI 1.27, 4.30) amongst the quartile of participants exposed to the highest levels of PM at all roads 50 m of their residence and 2.14 (95% CI 1.05, 4.35) for NOx, with no effect at intermediate levels of exposure.
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