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We do not focus on protocols, but instead on high level properties, such as the functional relation between replication degree n and intrusion tolerance threshold f.
The essence of this approach is that the system is thermodynamically open and that the high level properties of a system, such as phenotype, emerge from the global interactions of its component parts to give a result that is greater than the sum of those parts.
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Can observers assess these mid-to-high level properties in web pages, as they can in natural scenes?
Thus there is no challenge to the causal efficacy of higher level properties from lower level proerties.
Sober then notes that multiple realizability presupposes some form of asymmetric determination: the lower level physical properties present at a given time determine the higher level properties present.
There cannot be change in higher level properties without changes at lower levels (what philosophers like to call the supervenience thesis) (Davidson [1970]; Kim [1993]).
On the other hand, one might argue for the multiple realizability premise in this ferret re-wiring case using an auxiliary hypothesis that only requires similarity in multiply realized higher level properties, yet still requires that differences across the realizers should not be limited only to the differences that cause differences in the realized (in this case, visual) properties.
Galen, among many others subsequent to Aristotle, also explored these issues, whether it be from the perspective of how material complexes generate higher level properties (Mixtures) or the relations among parts and wholes in the context of a specific domain such as development (The Construction of the Embryo).
Physico-chemical propensities are organized into groups based on higher level properties (Fig. 2 and Supplementry Fig. S1).
The aggregation done in this paper corresponds to the derived variables, which may not be measuring higher level properties per se [ 54].
Aftereffects are also found for both low- and higher level properties, including facial identity (Webster and MacLeod 2011), eye gaze (Calder et al. 2008), and facial expressions (Skinner and Benton 2010).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com