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It is clear that these tumor-specific CTLs express high level of TRAIL (Fig. 5C).
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High levels of TRAIL receptor expression were described in the majority of cancer cell lines in vitro, and in many human malignant tumors in vivo [ 23, 24].
Thus, a reasonable hypothesis based on the extremely high levels of TRAIL in the conjunctival sac fluid [ 28] is that TRAIL is involved in the antitumoral surveillance of the anterior epithelium of the ocular globe.
We extended this finding to mesothelial cells undergoing EMT (Fig. 5 and data not shown) that were found to express high levels of TRAIL after IFN-α2b treatment and to retain a TRAIL-mediated tumoricidal activity.
Moreover, transdifferentiated mesothelial cells retain the ability to express high levels of TRAIL when stimulated with IFN-α2b, and to trigger a TRAIL-mediated programmed cell death in PEL cells.
High levels of TRAIL decoy receptor expression are associated with poor prognosis and resistance to 5-fluorouracil (Granci et al, 2008) or oxaliplatin (Toscano et al, 2008) and to increased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins survivin and XIAP in metastatic colorectal cell lines (Huerta et al, 2007).
Significantly higher levels of TRAIL, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2 and TRAIL R4 were observed in synovial tissues from patients with active RA compared with normal controls (p < 0.05).
The latter finding is not surprising since many tumors that express high levels of TRAIL-R1 and/or TRAIL-R2 are resistant to soluble TRAIL [ 28– 328.
These results suggested that high levels of TRAIL-R4 decoy receptor expression correlated well with TRAIL resistance.
In adenomas, this expression pattern was mostly retained, although some adenomas also expressed abnormally high levels of TRAIL-R3.
Trophoblast cells of the human placenta were found resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and expressed high levels of TRAIL-R2 that was mainly localized in the nucleus.
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