These relatively low R ST values could be attributed to high levels of size homoplasy, as expected when using polymorphic microsatellites with high mutation rates in species with large effective population sizes [ 53, 57, 58].
Similarly, salmon stocked at high density (Ward et al. 2008) or emerging from high-density nests (Einum and Nislow 2005) exhibited a higher level of size variation than when stocked at low densities, further supporting the importance of size-based competition.
SP-PCR analysis of sperm samples from DM1 individuals, who had either the adult-onset form or were asymptomatic, revealed a high level of repeat size heterogeneity in an individual, with mutation rate of almost 1 per gamete and a pronounced expansion bias [ 57, 66].
In sharp contrast to the high levels of genome size fluctuations of Clade 1 cyanobacteria, a single event of genome reduction appears to have taken place in Clade 2 cyanobacteria, from the original 4.11 Mbp to the less than 3 Mbp genome sizes.
The wide CIs are probably explained by small sample sizes, indicating a high level of uncertainty around the effect sizes.
Functional TREs have been described with a high level of degeneration, multiple spacer sizes and various half-site organizations [ 18, 49- 52] with a structure divergent from the models on which our identification algorithm was based.
We consider effective population sizes between 100 and 1600 to be realistic for most breeding populations, where the high level of inbreeding reduces the effective size.
The high level was defined as five individuals based on the high level of number of islands, population size, and migration topology.
Oxygen and nitrogen are atoms that display a high level of electronegativity, owing to the size of the atoms and the number of protons in their nuclei.
The hyperbolic tangent approaches value 1 when Disp Group) ≥ 6 (values ≥6 indicate a high level of dispersion for small-medium size groups (1-4 members)).
