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This evidence is in line with those reporting a high level of frailty among older women [20].
Falls risk among older people varies along a continuum, from those who are healthy and active, through to those with high level of frailty, multiple comorbidities, and high falls and injury risk.
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There are high levels of frailty related risk factors in patients under PHN follow-up [ 20].
Studies have found high levels of frailty related risk factors among patients under PHN follow-up in the community [ 28].
Overall, increased frailty was associated with higher risks of death, regardless of type, and was especially pronounced for those with high levels of frailty.
High levels of frailty are found among older people [ 8, 9]; the prevalence of frailty is currently around 40%, and is expected to increase further as populations age [ 10].
The total score may range from 0 to 15, with a higher score indicating a higher level of frailty [ 40, 47].
We speculate that the higher level of frailty in women might be due to a combination of higher incidence, longer durations (i.e., low recovery), and lower severity of illnesses [ 39].
88, 89 With this comes a higher level of frailty or an increased vulnerability to poor outcomes, due to the accumulation of age-associated declines in the physiological reserve of multiple systems.
Conversely, the proportion of participants who smoked was lower for men and women with higher levels of frailty.
Results Multinomial analyses showed that higher levels of frailty significantly increased the relative risk ratios of mortality for all types of death.
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