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These observations are consistent with a high level of constraint of the sequence variation, caused by strong purifying selection.
The double pseudoknot provides a high level of constraint that guarantees confident model building of this region.
First, it appears that vertebrate pol γs show a high level of constraint, with little sequence and structural variability within the group.
In contrast, TashHN shows a high level of constraint and may function to alter a property of the host leukocyte that is fundamental to infection by both T. annulata and T. parva.
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The use of water from the river imposes an unusually high level of constraints on the design of the plant, due to possible extremes in temperature and the variable level of solids in suspension and other pollutants.
We use data from three available bird genomes (chicken, turkey, and zebra finch) and find high levels of constraint: 24 43%.
We postulate that the extremely high levels of constraint on remaining photosynthetic genes may indicate an important function for these gene products in lipid biosynthesis rather than carbohydrate production through the Calvin Cycle.
Estimates of noncoding diversity did not differ significantly from those of synonymous diversity in either D. melanogaster or D. pseudoobscura (Wilcoxon signed-rank test; P = 0.31 and 0.36, respectively), which would seem in contrast with the higher level of constraint at intergenic regions than that at synonymous sites previously observed in D. melanogaster/D.
However, the relatively high level of functional constraint of zen2 (ω = 0.09144) rather indicates a process of neofunctionalization, even though positive selection was not detected.
While NAD biosynthetic enzymes appear to experience a rather high level of evolutionary constraint, there is evidence for positive selection among enzymes mediating NAD-dependent signaling.
This high level of selective constraint partially reflects the specific sequences we examined, which constitute the most critical residues for intron splicing.
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