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To achieve both high leaching efficiency and selectivity of the targeted metals, improved understanding on the interactive features of the materials and leaching solutions is highly required.
Finally, a continuous biooxidation leaching separation cycle with high leaching efficiency was designed to mitigate the toxic effect of PCBs on bacteria.
Each of these three species detains some leaching abilities but not enough to give a high leaching efficiency.
Even though huge efforts have been made on understanding such microorganisms, finding the suitable microorganisms or microbial combination, which may perform a high leaching efficiency and work under extreme environmental conditions, remains a huge challenge [ 9].
In fact, it is the actions and interactions of different microorganisms with different abilities that provide high leaching efficiency rather than the action of a single microorganism (pure culture) [ 10].
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In order to achieve an optimal status with both high leaching selectivity and efficiency (especially at high solid-to-liquid ratios), it is important to manipulate the average leaching speed and recovery rate of metals to optimize the leaching conditions.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that hot water extraction is often associated with lower leaching efficiency, higher extraction temperature, more time-consuming, and fewer monosaccharide compositions [ 13].
Figure 1B showed that zinc leaching efficiency was higher in SP group than that in S group at 5 different temperature gradients, however, it was higher in SC and SPC group than that in S group at lower temperature (30, 35 and 40 °C), and was lower than that in S group at 50 °C.
In SPC group, zinc leaching efficiency was the highest at 30 °C (85.8%) and was the lowest at 50 °C (78.9%).
However, in terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the foreign microorganisms.
Therefore, it might explain why additional chalcopyrite increased zinc leaching efficiency at low temperature while decreased it at high temperature.
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