A newly designed optical system enabled oblique irradiation of high irradiance from any direction of incidence.
Ionization in experiments where solid targets are irradiated by high irradiance extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lasers is examined.
Therefore, at the relatively high irradiance used in our incubations, leucine incorporation by phytoplankton was less likely to occur.
They yield high irradiance of the objects (resulting in high signal-to-noise ratio) while avoiding saturation of specular highlights.
Electrical losses in a device designed for a high irradiance, result in 18%abs.
The maximum values of suitability corresponded to regions with low temperature ranges, low nitrate availability, high irradiance, and high salinity.
Photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells could be affected by high or prolonged low-light exposure, promoted by light during the night or indoor artificial illumination with high irradiance.
Cumulative effects, long exposure by absence of profound experiences of dark during the night and high irradiance exposure by LED technology may affect the retinal physiology promoting cell death and the consequent blindness and desynchrony.
Concurrent extreme temperature and high irradiance can damage the photosynthetic system, which may generate oxidative stress and cause the collapse of the coral-algal symbiosis4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11.
Heat shock and to a lesser extent cold shock experiments have been able to provide better understanding of coral physiology, showing that elevated, but also depressed temperatures, can cause breakdown of the symbiosis especially when combined with high irradiance.
The design of the focusing optics needed to achieve high irradiance (up to 1014 Wcm−2) using an EUV capillary laser is presented.
