Under anaerobic conditions, bacterial contamination at high inoculation levels also led to significant reduction in yeast yield.
However, K. marxianus required a higher inoculation level than S. cerevisiae to produce comparable amounts of ethanol (Widmer et al. 2009).
The lowest bacterial inoculation level (10cells/mL) simulates typical contamination concentrations found in industry at the beginning of fermentations [ 12– 14], whereas the highest bacterial inoculation level exemplifies an extreme case of contamination.
Finally, of the intersecting set of genes that were up-regulated 3 h post inoculation in oestrus compared to pre - inoculation levels, and also expressed at significantly higher levels in oestrus in comparison to dioestrus 3 h post inoculation, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was the one most significantly enriched, followed by the Jak-STAT and TNF signalling pathways.
Only 39 genes were up-regulated after the introduction of bacteria in dioestrus in comparison to pre-inoculation levels and expressed at higher levels in dioestrus after inoculation with E. coli compared to oestrus after inoculation with E. coli.
Before inoculation higher expression levels of the tested genes were detected in TG9 than in WT except those encode aspartyl protease family protein, NADPH oxidase, and TIS-NBS-LRR resistance protein which showed no difference between TG9 and WT.
The AMF inoculation increased plant growth and reduced the accumulation of Pb in roots and increased the P and N content in plant shoot, but under high Pb levels, AMF inoculation increased Pb in shoots.
A total of 643 genes were found to be expressed at significantly higher levels in oestrus 3 h post inoculation compared to both oestrus pre-inoculation levels and also dioestrus post-inoculation levels.
Comparison between time points revealed that 2422 genes were expressed at significantly higher levels and 2191 genes at significantly lower levels 3 h post inoculation in oestrus in comparison to pre-inoculation levels.
However, the highest protein contents in dry matter were recorded with highest fertilization level along with inoculation.
In the S. aureus inoculated cells, all of these genes showed a higher expression level 24 h after inoculation in SCS-BTA18-Q cells compared to SCS-BTA18-q cells in the microarray analyses, hence, fully confirming the previous results obtained by RT PCR at time point 24 h [ 12].
