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In the Tr mutant, a distinguishing feature is the high expression of stress response genes.
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Since the rhizome is an underground stem and is potentially continuously challenged by biotic (bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects and other pathogens) and abiotic (drought, temperature and salt) stresses, the high expression of these stress and resistance-related genes in the rhizome tissue would contribute to its ability compete in its environment and perhaps may enable its invasiveness.
The only regulatory factors above CBF in the gene hierarchy presently known are ICE1 (Inducer of CBF Expression 1) [ 10], HOS1 (high expression of osmotic stress) [ 11] and HOS2 [ 12].
This data hint to cell survival tactics designed to safeguard high expression of genes of stress-enduring function.
It is likely that this pattern is related to a longer lifespan of SR flies, as the high expression of genes involved in stress responses has been previously shown to be associated with extended lifespan [ 22].
In general, the cluster analysis revealed high expression of genes related to biotic stress signaling (20.9%), drought response (7.6%), transporter proteins (6.6%), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging (4.7%) and transcriptional, translational regulation (6.6%) and uncharacterised proteins (7.6%) categories.
Further, our observation that the highest IL-6 levels and the highest expression of ER stress markers, BiP and HSP40, are found in B35-positive lcSSc-PAH samples, suggests that this relationship between ER stress and IL-6 plays a key role in the development of lcSSc-PAH.
The wrky17 and wrky11 genes are usually induced during the defense response, and Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutants wrky17 and wrky11 display higher expression of numerous stress- or defense-related genes and show increased resistance to infection by Pseudomonas, but not by other pathogens.
We reported previously that mice with relatively high expression of HCV core display markers of oxidant stress [ 9, 10, 17].
Advances in analytical techniques and protein localization will present many opportunities for the development of therapeutic interventions in cancer and other diseases related to levels of oxidative stress [ 5]. High expression of GSH in neoplastic mammary cells from female dogs is associated with the best clinical outcome, including a greater survival time.
Considering the high expression of GRP78va in leukemia and its pro-survival role against ER stress, how might leukemic cells experience ER stress?
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