High numbers of environmental spores are already present in the fat bodies of infected larvae approximately 10 days after infection (Goertz & Hoch, 2008a).
A second potential explanatory factor is that, in the low population, any allele with heightened reproductive success would instantly contribute to a higher proportion of the total environmental spore composition than in the intermediate concentrate, making its spread more efficient and rapid.
In honey bees, environmental spores of Nosema spp. are spread via fecal/oral routes.
And the episodes of thunderstorm asthma have been associated with high pollen and spore counts.
pH-values from 7.00 to 9.00 resulted in similarily high spore yields and provided enough spores for all further experiments.
The highest mean spore load was recorded in T13 (5.22 × 108 spores ml−1) which was at par with CMC (T12) (4.67 × 108 spores ml−1).
On the overall basis among the various additives tested at various concentrations, the highest mean spore load was recorded in control (T13) (5.22 × 108 spores ml−1) that was at par with CMC (T12) (4.67 × 108 spores ml−1).
The mathematical models were cross-checked with published spore survival results for high purity spores of B. anthracis ∆Sterne and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam (Buhr et al. [2012b]).
Virdy, K. J. et al. High cAMP in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum: association with spore dormancy and inhibition of germination.
However, in this case, thresholds are difficult to interpret because a relatively high concentration of spores can be caused by a small release of spores immediately next to the spore trap and small local spore releases may be missed completely.
