The crucial difference between in vivo and in vitro conditions lies in the high environmental concentration of diverse macromolecules, which is approximately 200 mg/mL in the eukaryotic cytoplasm and more than 400 mg/mL in prokaryotes (Mika and Poolman, 2011).
The highest environmental concentrations of the Cry1Ab protein were found in runoff water and sediment, up to 130 ng L−1 and 143 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively, with the Cry1Ab protein detected in both Bt and non-Bt maize fields.
The differences in background concentrations could be attributable to sampling methods, calendar period of exposure characterization, or higher environmental concentrations.
Hinwood AL, Jolley DJ, Sim MR. Cancer incidence and high environmental arsenic concentrations in rural populations: results of an ecological study.
In fact, analytical techniques for organic NP have been developed, for example, for fullerenes and CNTs [52, 59] but they are hampered by insufficient selectivity with regard to the high environmental background concentrations of carbon.
This conclusion is based on high environmental lead concentrations, the percentage of children with elevated BLLs (97% > 45 µg/dL), the high incidence of convulsions before death (82%), and the significant reduction in mortality once treatment for lead poisoning was initiated and children were removed from the source of contamination.
In our study, H. werneckii cells used for chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses were completely adapted to extremely high environmental salt concentration by long-term growth in media containing either 3 M or 4.5 M NaCl.
The large surface area for gas exchange makes the respiratory system particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-mediated injury: both the high environmental O2 concentration in the lung and exogenous pollutants inhaled through the breath may play a role in the production of pro-oxidant reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
All observed effects were evident at concentrations higher than environmental concentrations presently predicted for water, sediment and soil.
