In addition to this, Sb demonstrates higher electrical activation in the presence of tensile strain, when compared with the more traditional n-type dopant As [N.S. Bennett, N.E.B. Cowern, A.J. Smith, R.M. Gwilliam, B.J. Sealy, L. O'Reilly, P.J. McNally, G. Cooke, H. Kheyrandish, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 189122].
Simulation predictions, in accordance with SIMS measurements revealed very limited dopant profile movement (maximum 2.5 nm), combined with high levels of electrical activation close to the maximum theoretically predicted ones.
The synthesized Pr6O11 nanorod electrode exhibited the high electrical conductivity with low activation energy and the reduced impedance at high temperature.
In addition, these allow quantitative prediction of cardiac electrical activation at very high spatial (∼100 μm) and temporal (∼50 μs) resolutions and allow the identification of underlying mechanisms in a manner that cannot be achieved in experimental investigations or using less detailed computational models.
However, efficient p-type doping by Al implantation is difficult due both to the high ionisation energies of acceptors and to the high thermal budget required to achieve the electrical activation of the implanted dopants [7].
The Pr6O11 nanorod electrodes attained a high electrical conductivity of 0.954 Scm−1 with low activation energy of 0.594 eV at 850°C.
On the other hand, Al implantation is used for p-type doping of SiC [5], and it is typically followed by annealing at higher temperatures (T = 1600°C to 1800°C) to promote the electrical activation of the dopant in substitutional lattice sites [6].
The hierarchical structure of the CNT/CC network with high electrical conductivity and high surface area provides improved conductive pathways for the efficient activation of GQDs with high pseudocapacitance and electrical double layer capacitance.
Sharp changes in the stoichiometry, deposition rate, room temperature resistivity, electrical activation energy and optical band gap were observed when the nitrogen/oxygen ratio was high.
Nickel has high electrical and thermal conductivity.
