The 1-CSRT task reliably and reproducibly identified high impulsive (HI) and low impulsive (LI) action phenotypes; HI action predicted high cue reactivity.
In contrast, increased activation was observed in the dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and dopamine cell bodies in high cue-preferring/D1 juveniles.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of modality (written text vs. spoken text) and visual cueing (low cueing vs. high cueing) on the learning and mental effort of participants studying a computer-based static diagram at their own pace.
The difference in pain ratings between the "low cue," "high cue," and "control cue" trials was analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA.
The matrix also included the following test-sequence regressors twice, 1 for conscious and 1 for nonconscious trials: high cue, low cue, control cue, high pain, low pain, control pain, high rating, low rating, and control rating.
The individual design matrix for each participant (first-level matrix) included the following regressors for the conditioning run: high cue, low cue, high pain, low pain, high rating, and low rating.
In this study the number of cases judged was small [ 26], particularly for logistic regression with high cue intercorrelations [ 53, 54].
Five measures are then determined: the LiSN high cue threshold (DV90), the LiSN low cue threshold (SV0), the LiSN spatial advantage (SV0 − SV90), the LiSN tonal advantage (SV0 − DV0), and the LiSN total advantage (SV0 − DV90).
Nonconscious nocebo responses were associated with increased activations in fear-related subcortical structures of the brain, possibly reflecting processing of a perceived threat, since participants learn to associate the high cue with a highly aversive outcome.
The main effect of "nocebo" during the test sequence, defined as the pain response during "high cue" versus "control cue" trials, irrelevant of exposure type, revealed increased activation in several regions involved in nociceptive processing, for example, ACC, bilateral insula, thalamus, and brainstem.
