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Jerome Charyn did not mention New York City's famous "high constable" of police in the first half of the 1800's, Jacob Hays.
A chief or high constable in every local area (hundred or franchise) was responsible for suppressing riots and violent crimes and for arming the militia to enable him to do so.
Flanked by the high constable and the earl marshal, he threw down the gauntlet three times, challenging to mortal combat any who would dispute the king's right to reign.
Indeed, in the early 18th century, virtually no man who could afford to pay his way out of serving pro bono as a high constable neglected to do so.
The court of chivalry instituted by Edward III, with the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as joint judges, had summary jurisdiction in all cases of offenses of knights and generally as to military matters.
He was known throughtout his career as Old Hays, and in 1802 was appointed as chief of the day police force by Mayor Edward Livingston and gave him the title of High Constable of the City of New York.
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Lord high constables are now appointed only for coronations.
Photo: High constables of Edinburgh were at Grand Central Terminal yesterday to begin Tartan Week celebrations.
The hallmark of this system was its hybrid character: it blended discredited high constables with corrupt bounty hunters.
Constables were appointed by various bodies, such as the courts, and there were two high constables for each shire division, known as a hundred.
In Scotland bodies of high constables, formed to carry out such municipal duties as curbing riots, still exist at Edinburgh, Leith, Perth, and Holyroodhouse, the last named being prominent on state occasions.
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