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A global hierarchical error estimate is employed in this study to obtain reliable directional information of the solution.
For the relative risk, we used a multilevel mixed effect Poisson model with the same hierarchical error structure.
Methods for differential expression analysis include e.g. spline-based methods, generalized F-tests and hierarchical error and empirical Bayes models.
We estimated student level changes in haemoglobin concentration in the intervention arms relative to the control arm using multilevel mixed effect linear models with hierarchical error structures allowing for random effects at the county and school levels.
For the difference in proportion, we used a multilevel mixed effect linear model of the probability of being immunised on the treatment indicator, with a hierarchical error structure that allows cluster level heterogeneity (random effect) at the village and at the family level.
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In this framework, attention can thus be defined as the optimization of precision in the service of hierarchical prediction error minimization (Friston, 2009; Feldman & Friston, 2010; Hohwy, 2013).
In other words, action and perception are facets of the same underlying imperative; namely to minimize hierarchical prediction errors through selective sampling of sensory inputs.
The chapter further elaborates the spatial and hierarchical prediction methods, error modeling, and scanning techniques.
For spatial integration we choose an adaptive finite element algorithm, controlled by a hierarchical a posteriori error estimator.
It generates anisotropic adaptive meshes as quasi-uniform ones in some metric space, with the metric tensor being computed based on hierarchical a posteriori error estimates.
Such potential geographical clustering should thus be taken into account, by being incorporated as a level in a hierarchical model, avoiding error which would otherwise result from incorrect assumptions of independence of observations within areas; previous investigations in children have not taken context into account.
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