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Twenty-five headultsadults performed a virtual reality fMRI task that required learning to use extra-maze cues to navigate an 8-arm radial maze and find hidden rewards.
Next time you are confronted with an opportunity for drama, ask what hidden rewards are there for you.
NC crows did not learn to use these stimuli to find the hidden rewards over 20 trials, even though the searching tasks were given after the Aesop's Fable experiments, and all of them had already been associated with reward.
Although dogs can readily learn to use certain cues to locate hidden rewards, Bräuer et al. (2006) showed that chimpanzees and bonobos outperformed dogs in using cues to infer the location of hidden objects.
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Find a geocaching site online, and look up locations near you to see if anyone has hidden secret rewards.
Jackdaws could also learn a matching-to-sample paradigm to recognise visual patterns with the "correct" number of dots, and obtain a hidden food reward [1].
In the study, researchers trained predatory three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus, inset) to attack strips of paper by hiding food rewards underneath.
Some informed on Jews in hiding for rewards; others participated in Nazi-instigated massacres including in Jedwabne where hundreds of Jews were murdered by their neighbours.
Early on, theorists (Bell, 1986) recognized that most flowers hide their rewards, for example, deep in the corolla tube, which thwarts the easy visual evaluation of a flower's standing nectar volume and developed an ESS model for the proportion of cheating flowers and discriminating visitors that would be evolutionarily stable.
But I would keep reading because I had already discovered there would be rewards, hidden gems.
All subjects previously participated in experiments involving rewards hidden inside cups (e.g., Call 2004).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com