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We investigated the effects of operating conditions, such as inlet flow rate, membrane orientation, salt concentration, and salt type, on the module performance of a 5-inch-scale HF module with a cross-wound HF configuration.
However, the Wvol. of the CTA HF module was 1.11 kW/m3-module and was at least 45% higher than those of the SW modules (0.75 kW/m3-module).
This analytical study provides beneficial knowledge not only for predicting module performance but also HF module design parameters, such as recovery ratio, operation conditions, and energy consumption, for full-scale FO processes.
Steady-state pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) performance of a pilot-scale (72 m2) cellulose triacetate (CTA) hollow fiber (HF) module using 0.5 M NaCl and tap water as the draw solution (DS) and feed solution (FS), respectively, was evaluated by a PRO test system with a DS regeneration unit under a wide range of operational conditions.
The obtained Warea of the CTA HF module was 0.14 W/m2 and was approximately one sixth of the Warea reported for a thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide spiral wound (SW) module [Y. C. Kim et al., Environ. Sci. Technol, 2966 2973].
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Muscle creatine kinase (CKM) and interleukin 6 (IL6) are examples of HF biomarkers included in the regulated modules.
In addition, much more fibers can be packed in a FO module if TFC tri-bore HF membranes have a triangle shape instead of a round one.
KHFB: Known HF biomarkers controlled by the TF within the specified module.
The resulting cluster of 314 gene sets, significant (FDR q-value<0.1) in at least one of the HF conditions, can be visually divided into five temporal modules (Figure 3).
The strength of association between modules was evaluated using RV coefficients in HF and SF mice separately.
This research shows how a biomarker-centric interactome related to HF exhibits a functional architecture of well-specified interconnected modules, which tend to be distributed across different cellular compartments.
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