This enables us to determine average elongation rates over heterogeneous templating regions that mimic viral genome substrates.
In these systems, a mechanism of 'interfacial heterogeneous templating' seems unlikely considering that the emulsifier (polyglycerol polyricinoleate) does not crystallise.
These results demonstrate that geomorphology and hydrology interact to produce a heterogeneous thermal template for natural selection to influence salmon spawn timing across river basins.
This method does not require any heterogeneous seeds, physical templates, or surfactants.
Emulating nature's strategy, we recently demonstrated that synthetic zwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogels, possessing oppositely charged residues to attract both precursor cations and anions, could effectively template extensive heterogeneous HA-mineralization throughout the three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold with excellent structural integration.
SEM images show that the silica spheres exhibit a well-ordered arrangement and the ZnS nanocrystals infiltrate within the opal templates by heterogeneous nucleation and growth processing, and the as-synthesized ZnS nanocrystals reveal a cubic phase from X-ray diffraction pattern.
In contrast, much denser spherical mineral nodules composed of platelet-like calcium-deficient apatite crystals (Ca/P ratio: 1.27 ± 0.02) with more than doubled surface coverage (71%) were obtained on the Ti-pSBMA substrates, supporting that the zwitterionic polymer coatings more effectively templated the heterogeneous mineral nucleation and growth.
The heterogeneous mineralization approach, if templated by proper mineral nucleation sites presented on the metallic implant surfaces, could be beneficial to not only the preimplantation generation of osteoconductive coating but also in vivo osteointegration during the dynamic implant surface remodeling postimplantation.
A solvent with high polarity (acetonitrile) is thought to mask the template effect on heterogeneous nucleation due to strong solute-solvent and solvent-template interactions.
In fact, recent studies suggested that the translocation step may be partially rate-limiting for the nucleotide addition cycle, which gives rise to the heterogeneous elongation rates at different template positions (Nedialkov et al., 2003; Kireeva et al., 2010; Maoiléidigh et al., 2011; Malinen et al., 2012; Nedialkov et al., 2012; Imashimizu et al., 2013).
