It is surprising that theoretical frameworks developed in more heterogeneous, highly specialized systems did not apply to the boreal, even recognizing in advance that the boreal is an ecosystem with relatively low specialization, high species turnover, and species with high propensities for dispersal.
This finding suggests that there is a regionally heterogeneous pattern of functional specialization that is distinct from that of cortical structural development.
On a heterogeneous test bed, Plug4Green specialization to fit the hardware and the workload specificities allowed to reduce the energy consumption and the gas emission by up to 33% and 34%, respectively.
Heterogeneous agents cooperate to achieve co-specialization based on their own inclinations, in which other highly-centralized allocation processes (such as assignment) are not involved.
On the other hand, the selective pressures operating in variable or heterogeneous host populations can mitigate this specialization process [ 1, 2].
In this paper this study concentrates on specialization for the construction of heterogeneous robotic teams.
Two fundamental survival strategies for heterogeneous environments can be contrasted: local adaptation or specialization vs. phenotypic plasticity, a generalist strategy.
These differential effects may have a profound influence on the pattern of adaptation, because they may prevent a mutation from fixing across heterogeneous environments, which in turn leads to niche (or ecological) specialization [ 11].
In the second experiment, we tested whether pair formation would be assortative or disassortative with regards to mates' foraging specializations when individuals could interact freely and feed in a heterogeneous foraging habitat.
Thus, specialization on a specific genotype does not pay in a heterogeneous or varying environment, enabling generalist strategies to dominate populations.
The macrophage lineage is intrinsically heterogeneous for both surface phenotypes and immunological activities, presumably due to the intricate specialization of tissue macrophages present in local environments [2].
