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The results of many multicentre studies have not lent support to, or have even confounded, expectations, drawing attention to several issues related to patient heterogeneity, trial design, and elucidation of underlying pathophysiological processes.
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The limitations were applied due to a small number of included trials, heterogeneity between trials and patient baseline characteristics.
However, as would be expected given the diverse nature of the trials, statistical heterogeneity between trials is very high (I² statistic = 98%and97%7%, respectively).
We assessed heterogeneity of trial results by calculating a chi-square test of heterogeneity and the I2 measure of inconsistency.
Heterogeneity between trial results was tested with a standard χ test.
This helps reduce heterogeneity in trial groups, match individuals to putative treatments, and monitor treatment outcomes.
There was considerable heterogeneity in trial design, intervention type and outcome measures.
The value of this approach in exploring heterogeneity in trial content and findings deserves further evaluation.
The small number of included studies precluded a quantitative exploration of heterogeneity among trial results.
Investigators should assess heterogeneity of trial results before deriving summary estimates of treatment effect.
111 Thirdly, there was heterogeneity between trial populations for example, in baseline lung function.
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