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We use hierarchical multilevel models to adjust for precinct-level variability, thus directly addressing the question of geographic heterogeneity that arises in the analysis of pedestrian stops.
Ignoring unobserved heterogeneity that arises when unobserved factors influence duration can lead to a severe bias in the estimates of the covariate effects (Lancaster, 1990).
In culture, isogenic mammalian cells typically display enduring phenotypic heterogeneity that arises from fluctuations of gene expression and other intracellular processes.
This issue renders the negative control experiment suggested by the reviewers rather difficult because of the intrinsic cellular heterogeneity that arises upon transient knockdown.
To offset some of the heterogeneity that arises from the inclusion of ER/PR negative cases in a consecutive series of patients, we next used the same expression cut-offs and looked within the ER-positive subgroup.
Such an approach can estimate the overall strength and direction of any biological association in the form of an effect size by accounting for the underlying sample size, assess the degree of heterogeneity that arises among the findings of the source studies, and to statistically evaluate how methodological or biological factors shape such differences in the study results.
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At least the statistical heterogeneity that arose probably reflects heterogeneity in the strength of association rather than the direction of association.
Here, we review the current understanding of FcγR pathways in broad influenza immunity and suggest mechanisms to bypass FcγR signaling heterogeneity among people that arises from distinctions in structural repertoires of IgG Fc domains.
It can be seen that there is a moderate degree of heterogeneity in the included studies that arises from that of Ryan et al., who did not demonstrate any association between irinotecan-based chemotherapy and the development of steatohepatitis.
Murine models are usually inbred in order to reduce the phenotypic variation that arises from genetic heterogeneity.
Recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibodies exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity that can arise from various post-translational modifications.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com