The immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis states that the immunological system is strained by testosterone, so that producing and maintaining testosterone-dependent ornaments are signs of heritable good health in males [1], [33].
Nearly all traits tested were heritable regardless of health status, although the heritability estimate for average daily gain was lower under non-SPF conditions.
Most immune traits were heritable regardless of health status although some immune traits, e.g. the proportions of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells and CD14+ cells, were only observed to be heritable within a lower health status environment.
In order to predict progeny that will perform equally well in a range of environments, these immune markers would have to be heritable regardless of health status.
If these industries are unjustly accused, they could face economic harm from DT regulation, but if possible DT victims are not protected, innocent, non-consenting children (and future generations, if epigenetic change is heritable) could face health harm---a possible stealth DT pandemic.
They do include the most common forms of disease such as heart disease, metabolic disorders, neurological and mental health disorders, heritable cancers, and many non-congenital/non-monogenic pediatric disorders.
Although time preference is likely to be heritable and correlated with health investments, its role in the intergenerational transmission of smoking has not been explored previously.
Twin, family and adoption studies have been around a long time and provide a very consistent message – almost all behavioural characteristics, including mental health outcomes, are heritable to a greater or lesser degree: genetics and environment working in concert.
Spirometric measures of lung function are heritable traits that reflect respiratory health and predict morbidity and mortality.
Recent twin studies highlight the astonishing impact of non-heritable contributions to our immune health and wellbeing.
