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Initiation is characterized by permanent heritable damage to a cell's DNA.
Promoters do not cause heritable damage to the DNA and thus on their own cannot generate tumours.
Mutations in germ cells can lead to spontaneous abortions, infertility or heritable damage to the offspring and possibly to the subsequent generations [5].
Both nickel compounds were ingested by the ciliates and induced heritable damage in the progeny of the treated parent cells.
This oxidative damage can lead to apoptosis of cells and the heritable damage to DNA may result in transformation, carcinogenesis and metastatic disease.
Cell proliferation is essential for the carcinogenic process, not only to induce heritable damage to the DNA sequence during the initiation of cancer, but also to clonal expand these initiated cells during promotion [ 3].
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The theory of robustness describes a system level property of evolutionary systems, which predicts tradeoffs of great interest for the systems biology of aging, such as accumulation of non-heritable damage, occurrence of fragilities and limitations in performance, optimized allocation of restricted resources and confined redundancies.
Some help to prevent the accumulation of heritable genomic damage and, therefore, hinder tumor development.
Such responses effectively eliminate the affected cells, thus limiting the inappropriate accumulation of cells with heritable genomic damage and inhibiting malignant development.
MP-MUS treatment affects the glioblastoma phenotype, with subsequent daughter cells having altered mitochondrial function, presumably due to heritable mtDNA damage.
Because genetically based diseases have a major impact on human health, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIEHSS) has conducted a research and testing program for more than a decade to address chemical induction of heritable genetic damage in the germ cells of mammals.
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