Lower investment means a smaller capital stock, less capital per worker and hence lower wages.
Hence, lower monoolefins (other examples of which include propylene and butylene) are the basis for an extensive petrochemicals industry.
It has a larger band gap and hence, lower conductivity in the neutral state as compared to polythiophene.
Thus, goes the argument, increased productivity and hence lower production costs mean fatter profit margins.
These are often loss-making for the banks, and hence lower overall lending.
It has less bureaucracy and, hence, lower administrative costs than private insurers.
This resulted in smaller and less abrasive wear debris, and hence lower wear rate.
Hence, lower permeability and higher stability are benefits of a high-Tg polymer (ethyl cellulose).
But increasing returns create a natural tendency toward monopoly, because a large business can achieve larger scale and hence lower costs than a small business.
The undervaluation granted by their wage restraint has benefited producers artificially, and weakened the incentive to cut out waste – hence lower productivity growth".
Insurers can further individualize pricing by offering discounts to customers who invest in self-protection and hence lower their risk rates.
