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Caspase-1 was first described as the IL-1 converting enzyme responsible for processing and hence activating proIL-1β to its active form [1] [3].
After the peptidoglycan detection the NOD proteins recruit the downstream adaptor molecule RIP2 hence activating proinflammatory pathways such as NF- κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases such as p38, ERK, and JNK [ 128].
Free metal radicals, which are produced during oxidative stress, work as signaling molecules, hence activating the ROS detoxification and antioxidant defense mechanism in plants to cope with NP toxicity.
Therefore, demethylation will result in removal of MeCP or MBDs, leading to dissociation of the NuRD complex containing HDAC1/HDAC2 and hence activating gene transcription.
In fact, by using a yeast two-hybrid system to identify integrin α1 on cell membrane as a PRL-3-interacting protein, Peng et al. [24] demonstrated that PRL-3 could down-regulate the tyrosine-phosphorylation level of integrin β1, hence activating the MAPK pathway.
On the other hand, mTORC2 has been shown to phosphorylate S473 of Akt, hence activating Akt and downregulating autophagy [ 64].
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AMPK, one of the major kinases sensing glucose, phosphorylates AMOTL1 and hence activates LATS1/2 (DeRan et al., 2014).
Figure 8(c) shows that CORA approximates the coverage of the monitored area with better accuracy than and hence activates less number of nodes to meet the same coverage requirement.
One possibility is that previously-described receptor instability in vitro [5] precludes typical biochemical analysis, whereas in bacteria or plants, the receptor is continuously produced, and hence activates signal transduction.
(C ) Frequencies of oocytes that destroyed Securin-eGFP, hence activated APC/CCdc20, at the metaphase-anaphase transition are shown.
Presumably, Yorkie knockdown destabilizes Diap1, hence activates Rpr and the subsequent Dronc-Dmp53 feedback loop [ 48, 68].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com